IB Diploma Biology HL specification checklist
All 539 spec points that our notes cover, topic by topic. Rate each one red, amber or green as you revise, and follow the link to the note when you need it.
IB Diploma Biology HL specification checklistclockitwithsci.com
How to use: tick one box for each spec point as you revise. Go back to the “Not yet” rows first, and keep going until every row is “Confident”.
The numbers are IB's own spec references. HL only: additional Higher Level content, only for HL students. SL students can skip it. Teachers: you are welcome to print this checklist and share it with your classes.
A1Molecules (Unity and diversity)
Water · A1.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1.1.1 | Water as the medium for life and hydrogen bonding | |||
| A1.1.2 | Water as the medium for life and hydrogen bonding | |||
| A1.1.3 | Cohesion and adhesion | |||
| A1.1.4 | Cohesion and adhesion | |||
| A1.1.5 | Solvent properties of water | |||
| A1.1.6 | Physical properties of water and aquatic animals | |||
| A1.1.7 | Origin of water on Earth and the search for life HL only | |||
| A1.1.8 | Origin of water on Earth and the search for life HL only |
Nucleic acids · A1.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1.2.1 | DNA as the genetic material and nucleotides | |||
| A1.2.2 | DNA as the genetic material and nucleotides | |||
| A1.2.3 | DNA as the genetic material and nucleotides | |||
| A1.2.4 | DNA as the genetic material and nucleotides | |||
| A1.2.5 | RNA polymers and the DNA double helix | |||
| A1.2.6 | RNA polymers and the DNA double helix | |||
| A1.2.7 | Differences between DNA and RNA | |||
| A1.2.8 | Base pairing, information storage and the genetic code | |||
| A1.2.9 | Base pairing, information storage and the genetic code | |||
| A1.2.10 | Base pairing, information storage and the genetic code | |||
| A1.2.11 | Directionality and purine–pyrimidine pairing HL only | |||
| A1.2.12 | Directionality and purine–pyrimidine pairing HL only | |||
| A1.2.13 | Structure of a nucleosome HL only | |||
| A1.2.14 | Hershey–Chase experiment and Chargaff's data HL only | |||
| A1.2.15 | Hershey–Chase experiment and Chargaff's data HL only |
A2Cells (Unity and diversity)
Origins of cells · A2.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2.1.1 | Early Earth and the first carbon compounds HL only | |||
| A2.1.2 | Living and non-living, and the challenge of the first cells HL only | |||
| A2.1.3 | Living and non-living, and the challenge of the first cells HL only | |||
| A2.1.4 | Early Earth and the first carbon compounds HL only | |||
| A2.1.5 | Vesicles and RNA as the first genetic material HL only | |||
| A2.1.6 | Vesicles and RNA as the first genetic material HL only | |||
| A2.1.7 | The last universal common ancestor HL only | |||
| A2.1.8 | The last universal common ancestor HL only | |||
| A2.1.9 | The last universal common ancestor HL only |
Cell structure · A2.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2.2.1 | Cell theory and structures common to all cells | |||
| A2.2.2 | Microscopy skills | |||
| A2.2.3 | Developments in microscopy | |||
| A2.2.4 | Cell theory and structures common to all cells | |||
| A2.2.5 | Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure | |||
| A2.2.6 | Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure | |||
| A2.2.7 | Processes of life in unicellular organisms | |||
| A2.2.8 | Animal, fungal and plant cells, and atypical cells | |||
| A2.2.9 | Animal, fungal and plant cells, and atypical cells | |||
| A2.2.10 | Micrographs, drawing and annotation | |||
| A2.2.11 | Micrographs, drawing and annotation | |||
| A2.2.12 | Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis HL only | |||
| A2.2.13 | Cell differentiation and the evolution of multicellularity HL only | |||
| A2.2.14 | Cell differentiation and the evolution of multicellularity HL only |
Viruses · A2.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2.3.1 | Structure and diversity of viruses HL only | |||
| A2.3.2 | Structure and diversity of viruses HL only | |||
| A2.3.3 | Lytic and lysogenic cycles HL only | |||
| A2.3.4 | Lytic and lysogenic cycles HL only | |||
| A2.3.5 | Origins and rapid evolution of viruses HL only | |||
| A2.3.6 | Origins and rapid evolution of viruses HL only |
A3Organisms (Unity and diversity)
Diversity of organisms · A3.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A3.1.1 | Variation, species and binomial names | |||
| A3.1.2 | Variation, species and binomial names | |||
| A3.1.3 | Variation, species and binomial names | |||
| A3.1.4 | The biological species concept and speciation | |||
| A3.1.5 | The biological species concept and speciation | |||
| A3.1.6 | Chromosome numbers and karyograms | |||
| A3.1.7 | Chromosome numbers and karyograms | |||
| A3.1.8 | Unity and diversity of genomes | |||
| A3.1.9 | Unity and diversity of genomes | |||
| A3.1.10 | Unity and diversity of genomes | |||
| A3.1.11 | Whole genome sequencing | |||
| A3.1.12 | Limits of the biological species concept HL only | |||
| A3.1.13 | Limits of the biological species concept HL only | |||
| A3.1.14 | Dichotomous keys and environmental DNA HL only | |||
| A3.1.15 | Dichotomous keys and environmental DNA HL only |
Classification and cladistics · A3.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A3.2.1 | Why classify, and problems with the traditional hierarchy HL only | |||
| A3.2.2 | Why classify, and problems with the traditional hierarchy HL only | |||
| A3.2.3 | Why classify, and problems with the traditional hierarchy HL only | |||
| A3.2.4 | Clades and the molecular clock HL only | |||
| A3.2.5 | Clades and the molecular clock HL only | |||
| A3.2.6 | Constructing and analysing cladograms HL only | |||
| A3.2.7 | Constructing and analysing cladograms HL only | |||
| A3.2.8 | Testing classifications and the three domains HL only | |||
| A3.2.9 | Testing classifications and the three domains HL only |
A4Ecosystems (Unity and diversity)
Evolution and speciation · A4.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A4.1.1 | Evolution as change in heritable characteristics | |||
| A4.1.2 | Evidence from sequences and selective breeding | |||
| A4.1.3 | Evidence from sequences and selective breeding | |||
| A4.1.4 | Homologous and analogous structures | |||
| A4.1.5 | Homologous and analogous structures | |||
| A4.1.6 | Speciation, reproductive isolation and differential selection | |||
| A4.1.7 | Speciation, reproductive isolation and differential selection | |||
| A4.1.8 | Allopatric and sympatric speciation, and adaptive radiation HL only | |||
| A4.1.9 | Allopatric and sympatric speciation, and adaptive radiation HL only | |||
| A4.1.10 | Barriers to hybridization and abrupt speciation by polyploidy HL only | |||
| A4.1.11 | Barriers to hybridization and abrupt speciation by polyploidy HL only |
Conservation of biodiversity · A4.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A4.2.1 | Biodiversity and the number of species | |||
| A4.2.2 | Biodiversity and the number of species | |||
| A4.2.3 | Anthropogenic species extinction and ecosystem loss | |||
| A4.2.4 | Anthropogenic species extinction and ecosystem loss | |||
| A4.2.5 | Evidence for and causes of the biodiversity crisis | |||
| A4.2.6 | Evidence for and causes of the biodiversity crisis | |||
| A4.2.7 | Approaches to conservation and the EDGE of Existence programme | |||
| A4.2.8 | Approaches to conservation and the EDGE of Existence programme |
B1Molecules (Form and function)
Carbohydrates and lipids · B1.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1.1.1 | Carbon atoms and the diversity of carbon compounds | |||
| B1.1.2 | Condensation and hydrolysis reactions | |||
| B1.1.3 | Condensation and hydrolysis reactions | |||
| B1.1.4 | Monosaccharides: form and function | |||
| B1.1.5 | Starch, glycogen and cellulose | |||
| B1.1.6 | Starch, glycogen and cellulose | |||
| B1.1.7 | Glycoproteins and cell–cell recognition | |||
| B1.1.8 | Lipids: hydrophobic properties, triglycerides and phospholipids | |||
| B1.1.9 | Lipids: hydrophobic properties, triglycerides and phospholipids | |||
| B1.1.10 | Fatty acids, energy storage and insulation | |||
| B1.1.11 | Fatty acids, energy storage and insulation | |||
| B1.1.12 | Phospholipid bilayers and steroids | |||
| B1.1.13 | Phospholipid bilayers and steroids |
Proteins · B1.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1.2.1 | Amino acids and peptide bonds | |||
| B1.2.2 | Amino acids and peptide bonds | |||
| B1.2.3 | Dietary amino acids and the variety of peptide chains | |||
| B1.2.4 | Dietary amino acids and the variety of peptide chains | |||
| B1.2.5 | Effect of pH and temperature on protein structure | |||
| B1.2.6 | R-groups and primary structure HL only | |||
| B1.2.7 | R-groups and primary structure HL only | |||
| B1.2.8 | Secondary structure: alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets HL only | |||
| B1.2.9 | Tertiary structure and the effect of polar and non-polar amino acids HL only | |||
| B1.2.10 | Tertiary structure and the effect of polar and non-polar amino acids HL only | |||
| B1.2.11 | Quaternary structure: non-conjugated and conjugated proteins HL only | |||
| B1.2.12 | Form and function in globular and fibrous proteins HL only |
B2Cells (Form and function)
Membranes and membrane transport · B2.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B2.1.1–B2.1.3 | Lipid bilayers, barriers and simple diffusion | |||
| B2.1.4 | Membrane proteins, glycoproteins and the fluid mosaic model | |||
| B2.1.5–B2.1.8 | Osmosis, channel proteins and pump proteins | |||
| B2.1.9 | Membrane proteins, glycoproteins and the fluid mosaic model | |||
| B2.1.10 | Membrane proteins, glycoproteins and the fluid mosaic model | |||
| B2.1.11–B2.1.13 | Membrane fluidity, cholesterol and vesicles HL only | |||
| B2.1.14–B2.1.16 | Gated ion channels, sodium–potassium pumps and cotransporters HL only | |||
| B2.1.17 | Adhesion of cells to form tissues HL only |
Organelles and compartmentalization · B2.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B2.2.1–B2.2.3 | Organelles, the nucleus and compartments | |||
| B2.2.4 | Adaptations of mitochondria and chloroplasts HL only | |||
| B2.2.5 | Adaptations of mitochondria and chloroplasts HL only | |||
| B2.2.6 | The nucleus, free ribosomes and rough ER HL only | |||
| B2.2.7 | The nucleus, free ribosomes and rough ER HL only | |||
| B2.2.8 | The Golgi apparatus and vesicles HL only | |||
| B2.2.9 | The Golgi apparatus and vesicles HL only |
Cell specialization · B2.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B2.3.1–B2.3.4 | Differentiation and stem cells | |||
| B2.3.5 | Cell size and surface area-to-volume ratio | |||
| B2.3.6 | Cell size and surface area-to-volume ratio | |||
| B2.3.7 | Surface area adaptations and pneumocytes HL only | |||
| B2.3.8 | Surface area adaptations and pneumocytes HL only | |||
| B2.3.9 | Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres HL only | |||
| B2.3.10 | Adaptations of sperm and egg cells HL only |
B3Organisms (Form and function)
Gas exchange · B3.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B3.1.1 | Gas exchange and exchange surfaces | |||
| B3.1.2 | Gas exchange and exchange surfaces | |||
| B3.1.3 | Gas exchange and exchange surfaces | |||
| B3.1.4 | Adaptations of mammalian lungs | |||
| B3.1.5 | Ventilation and lung volumes | |||
| B3.1.6 | Ventilation and lung volumes | |||
| B3.1.7 | Gas exchange in leaves | |||
| B3.1.8 | Gas exchange in leaves | |||
| B3.1.9 | Transpiration and stomatal density | |||
| B3.1.10 | Transpiration and stomatal density | |||
| B3.1.11 | Haemoglobin, the Bohr shift and oxygen dissociation curves HL only | |||
| B3.1.12 | Haemoglobin, the Bohr shift and oxygen dissociation curves HL only | |||
| B3.1.13 | Haemoglobin, the Bohr shift and oxygen dissociation curves HL only |
Transport · B3.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B3.2.1 | Adaptations of capillaries | |||
| B3.2.2 | Structure and adaptations of arteries and veins | |||
| B3.2.3 | Structure and adaptations of arteries and veins | |||
| B3.2.4 | Pulse rates and occlusion of the coronary arteries | |||
| B3.2.5 | Structure and adaptations of arteries and veins | |||
| B3.2.6 | Pulse rates and occlusion of the coronary arteries | |||
| B3.2.7 | Water transport in xylem | |||
| B3.2.8 | Water transport in xylem | |||
| B3.2.9 | Tissues in dicotyledonous stems and roots | |||
| B3.2.10 | Tissues in dicotyledonous stems and roots | |||
| B3.2.11 | Tissue fluid and lymph HL only | |||
| B3.2.12 | Tissue fluid and lymph HL only | |||
| B3.2.13 | Tissue fluid and lymph HL only | |||
| B3.2.14 | Single and double circulation and the mammalian heart HL only | |||
| B3.2.15 | Single and double circulation and the mammalian heart HL only | |||
| B3.2.16 | Stages in the cardiac cycle HL only | |||
| B3.2.17 | Root pressure and phloem transport HL only | |||
| B3.2.18 | Root pressure and phloem transport HL only |
Muscle and motility · B3.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B3.3.1 | Movement and reasons for locomotion HL only | |||
| B3.3.2 | Sliding filament model of muscle contraction HL only | |||
| B3.3.3 | Titin, antagonistic muscles and the intercostal muscles HL only | |||
| B3.3.4 | Motor units in skeletal muscle HL only | |||
| B3.3.5 | Skeletons, the hip joint and range of motion HL only | |||
| B3.3.6 | Skeletons, the hip joint and range of motion HL only | |||
| B3.3.7 | Skeletons, the hip joint and range of motion HL only | |||
| B3.3.8 | Titin, antagonistic muscles and the intercostal muscles HL only | |||
| B3.3.9 | Movement and reasons for locomotion HL only | |||
| B3.3.10 | Adaptations for swimming in marine mammals HL only |
B4Ecosystems (Form and function)
Adaptation to environment · B4.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B4.1.1 | Habitats and adaptations to the abiotic environment | |||
| B4.1.2 | Habitats and adaptations to the abiotic environment | |||
| B4.1.3 | Abiotic variables and range of tolerance | |||
| B4.1.4 | Abiotic variables and range of tolerance | |||
| B4.1.5 | Conditions required for coral reef formation | |||
| B4.1.6 | Terrestrial biomes | |||
| B4.1.7 | Terrestrial biomes | |||
| B4.1.8 | Adaptations to hot deserts and tropical rainforest |
Ecological niches · B4.2
C1Molecules (Interaction and interdependence)
Enzymes and metabolism · C1.1
Cell respiration · C1.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1.2.1 | ATP: the molecule that distributes energy | |||
| C1.2.2 | ATP: the molecule that distributes energy | |||
| C1.2.3 | ATP: the molecule that distributes energy | |||
| C1.2.4 | Cell respiration: aerobic and anaerobic | |||
| C1.2.5 | Cell respiration: aerobic and anaerobic | |||
| C1.2.6 | Variables affecting the rate of cell respiration | |||
| C1.2.7 | NAD, oxidation and glycolysis HL only | |||
| C1.2.8 | NAD, oxidation and glycolysis HL only | |||
| C1.2.9 | Anaerobic respiration: lactate and yeast HL only | |||
| C1.2.10 | Anaerobic respiration: lactate and yeast HL only | |||
| C1.2.11 | The link reaction and the Krebs cycle HL only | |||
| C1.2.12 | The link reaction and the Krebs cycle HL only | |||
| C1.2.13 | Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and oxygen HL only | |||
| C1.2.14 | Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and oxygen HL only | |||
| C1.2.15 | Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and oxygen HL only | |||
| C1.2.16 | Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and oxygen HL only | |||
| C1.2.17 | Lipids and carbohydrates as respiratory substrates HL only |
Photosynthesis · C1.3
C2Cells (Interaction and interdependence)
Chemical signalling · C2.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C2.1.1 | Receptors, ligands and quorum sensing HL only | |||
| C2.1.2 | Receptors, ligands and quorum sensing HL only | |||
| C2.1.3 | Types of signalling chemicals HL only | |||
| C2.1.4 | Types of signalling chemicals HL only | |||
| C2.1.5 | Types of signalling chemicals HL only | |||
| C2.1.6 | Transmembrane and intracellular receptors HL only | |||
| C2.1.7 | Transmembrane and intracellular receptors HL only | |||
| C2.1.8 | Ion channel receptors and G protein-coupled receptors HL only | |||
| C2.1.9 | Ion channel receptors and G protein-coupled receptors HL only | |||
| C2.1.10 | Ion channel receptors and G protein-coupled receptors HL only | |||
| C2.1.11 | Tyrosine kinase receptors: insulin HL only | |||
| C2.1.12 | Intracellular receptors and steroid hormones HL only | |||
| C2.1.13 | Intracellular receptors and steroid hormones HL only | |||
| C2.1.14 | Positive and negative feedback in cell signalling HL only |
Neural signalling · C2.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C2.2.1 | Neurons and the resting potential | |||
| C2.2.2 | Neurons and the resting potential | |||
| C2.2.3 | Nerve impulses as action potentials | |||
| C2.2.4 | Speed of nerve impulses | |||
| C2.2.5 | Synapses and excitatory postsynaptic potentials | |||
| C2.2.6 | Synapses and excitatory postsynaptic potentials | |||
| C2.2.7 | Synapses and excitatory postsynaptic potentials | |||
| C2.2.8 | Depolarization, repolarization and oscilloscope traces HL only | |||
| C2.2.9 | Depolarization, repolarization and oscilloscope traces HL only | |||
| C2.2.10 | Depolarization, repolarization and oscilloscope traces HL only | |||
| C2.2.11 | Speed of nerve impulses | |||
| C2.2.12 | Exogenous chemicals, inhibition and summation HL only | |||
| C2.2.13 | Exogenous chemicals, inhibition and summation HL only | |||
| C2.2.14 | Exogenous chemicals, inhibition and summation HL only | |||
| C2.2.15 | Pain perception and consciousness HL only | |||
| C2.2.16 | Pain perception and consciousness HL only |
C3Organisms (Interaction and interdependence)
Integration of body systems · C3.1
Defence against disease · C3.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C3.2.1 | Pathogens as the cause of infectious diseases | |||
| C3.2.2 | Skin, mucous membranes and blood clotting | |||
| C3.2.3 | Skin, mucous membranes and blood clotting | |||
| C3.2.4 | Innate and adaptive immunity, and phagocytes | |||
| C3.2.5 | Innate and adaptive immunity, and phagocytes | |||
| C3.2.6 | Lymphocytes, antigens and antibody production | |||
| C3.2.7 | Lymphocytes, antigens and antibody production | |||
| C3.2.8 | Lymphocytes, antigens and antibody production | |||
| C3.2.9 | Lymphocytes, antigens and antibody production | |||
| C3.2.10 | Immunity, vaccines and herd immunity | |||
| C3.2.11 | HIV transmission and AIDS | |||
| C3.2.12 | HIV transmission and AIDS | |||
| C3.2.13 | Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance | |||
| C3.2.14 | Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance | |||
| C3.2.15 | Zoonoses and evaluating COVID-19 data | |||
| C3.2.16 | Immunity, vaccines and herd immunity | |||
| C3.2.17 | Immunity, vaccines and herd immunity | |||
| C3.2.18 | Zoonoses and evaluating COVID-19 data |
C4Ecosystems (Interaction and interdependence)
Populations and communities · C4.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C4.1.1 | Populations and random sampling | |||
| C4.1.2 | Populations and random sampling | |||
| C4.1.3 | Populations and random sampling | |||
| C4.1.4 | Capture–mark–release–recapture and the Lincoln index | |||
| C4.1.5 | Carrying capacity and density-dependent factors | |||
| C4.1.6 | Carrying capacity and density-dependent factors | |||
| C4.1.7 | Population growth curves | |||
| C4.1.8 | Population growth curves | |||
| C4.1.9 | Intraspecific and interspecific relationships | |||
| C4.1.10 | Intraspecific and interspecific relationships | |||
| C4.1.11 | Intraspecific and interspecific relationships | |||
| C4.1.12 | Mutualism | |||
| C4.1.13 | Invasive species and testing for competition | |||
| C4.1.14 | Invasive species and testing for competition | |||
| C4.1.15 | Invasive species and testing for competition | |||
| C4.1.16 | Predator–prey relationships and control of populations | |||
| C4.1.17 | Predator–prey relationships and control of populations | |||
| C4.1.18 | Allelopathy and secretion of antibiotics |
Transfers of energy and matter · C4.2
D1Molecules (Continuity and change)
DNA replication · D1.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1.1.1 | Exact copies by semi-conservative replication | |||
| D1.1.2 | Exact copies by semi-conservative replication | |||
| D1.1.3 | Roles of helicase and DNA polymerase | |||
| D1.1.4 | PCR and gel electrophoresis | |||
| D1.1.5 | Applications of PCR and gel electrophoresis | |||
| D1.1.6 | Directionality: leading and lagging strands HL only | |||
| D1.1.7 | Directionality: leading and lagging strands HL only | |||
| D1.1.8 | Replication enzymes and DNA proofreading HL only | |||
| D1.1.9 | Replication enzymes and DNA proofreading HL only |
Protein synthesis · D1.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1.2.1 | Transcription and gene expression | |||
| D1.2.2 | Transcription and gene expression | |||
| D1.2.3 | Transcription and gene expression | |||
| D1.2.4 | Transcription and gene expression | |||
| D1.2.5 | Translation at the ribosome | |||
| D1.2.6 | Translation at the ribosome | |||
| D1.2.7 | Translation at the ribosome | |||
| D1.2.8 | The genetic code | |||
| D1.2.9 | The genetic code | |||
| D1.2.10 | Translation at the ribosome | |||
| D1.2.11 | Mutations that change protein structure | |||
| D1.2.12 | Directionality and initiation at the promoter HL only | |||
| D1.2.13 | Directionality and initiation at the promoter HL only | |||
| D1.2.14 | Non-coding DNA, mRNA processing and alternative splicing HL only | |||
| D1.2.15 | Non-coding DNA, mRNA processing and alternative splicing HL only | |||
| D1.2.16 | Non-coding DNA, mRNA processing and alternative splicing HL only | |||
| D1.2.17 | Initiation of translation and the A, P and E sites HL only | |||
| D1.2.18 | Modification of polypeptides and proteasomes HL only | |||
| D1.2.19 | Modification of polypeptides and proteasomes HL only |
Mutation and gene editing · D1.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1.3.1 | Substitutions, insertions and deletions | |||
| D1.3.2 | Substitutions, insertions and deletions | |||
| D1.3.3 | Substitutions, insertions and deletions | |||
| D1.3.4 | Causes of mutation and randomness | |||
| D1.3.5 | Causes of mutation and randomness | |||
| D1.3.6 | Germ and somatic cells, and mutation as a source of variation | |||
| D1.3.7 | Germ and somatic cells, and mutation as a source of variation | |||
| D1.3.8 | Gene knockout HL only | |||
| D1.3.9 | CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing HL only | |||
| D1.3.10 | Conserved and highly conserved sequences HL only |
D2Cells (Continuity and change)
Cell and nuclear division · D2.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D2.1.1 | Cell division and cytokinesis | |||
| D2.1.2 | Cell division and cytokinesis | |||
| D2.1.3 | Cell division and cytokinesis | |||
| D2.1.4 | Mitosis, meiosis and chromosome movement | |||
| D2.1.5 | Mitosis, meiosis and chromosome movement | |||
| D2.1.6 | Mitosis, meiosis and chromosome movement | |||
| D2.1.7 | Phases of mitosis | |||
| D2.1.8 | Phases of mitosis | |||
| D2.1.9 | Meiosis, non-disjunction and variation | |||
| D2.1.10 | Meiosis, non-disjunction and variation | |||
| D2.1.11 | Meiosis, non-disjunction and variation | |||
| D2.1.12 | Cell proliferation and the cell cycle HL only | |||
| D2.1.13 | Cell proliferation and the cell cycle HL only | |||
| D2.1.14 | Cell proliferation and the cell cycle HL only | |||
| D2.1.15 | Cell proliferation and the cell cycle HL only | |||
| D2.1.16 | Mutations, tumours and the mitotic index HL only | |||
| D2.1.17 | Mutations, tumours and the mitotic index HL only |
Gene expression · D2.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D2.2.1 | Gene expression and its regulation HL only | |||
| D2.2.2 | Gene expression and its regulation HL only | |||
| D2.2.3 | Gene expression and its regulation HL only | |||
| D2.2.4 | Epigenesis, the transcriptome and epigenetic tags HL only | |||
| D2.2.5 | Epigenesis, the transcriptome and epigenetic tags HL only | |||
| D2.2.6 | Epigenesis, the transcriptome and epigenetic tags HL only | |||
| D2.2.7 | Epigenetic inheritance and the environment HL only | |||
| D2.2.8 | Epigenetic inheritance and the environment HL only | |||
| D2.2.9 | Epigenetic inheritance and the environment HL only | |||
| D2.2.10 | Epigenetic inheritance and the environment HL only | |||
| D2.2.11 | External factors and gene expression HL only |
Water potential · D2.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D2.3.1 | Solvation and osmosis | |||
| D2.3.2 | Solvation and osmosis | |||
| D2.3.3 | Solvation and osmosis | |||
| D2.3.4 | Osmosis in plant tissue: the practical | |||
| D2.3.5 | Water movement in cells with and without walls | |||
| D2.3.6 | Water movement in cells with and without walls | |||
| D2.3.7 | Water movement in cells with and without walls | |||
| D2.3.8 | Water potential HL only | |||
| D2.3.9 | Water potential HL only | |||
| D2.3.10 | Water potential HL only | |||
| D2.3.11 | Water potential HL only |
D3Organisms (Continuity and change)
Reproduction · D3.1
Inheritance · D3.2
Homeostasis · D3.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D3.3.1 | Homeostasis and negative feedback | |||
| D3.3.2 | Homeostasis and negative feedback | |||
| D3.3.3 | Regulation of blood glucose | |||
| D3.3.4 | Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |||
| D3.3.5 | Thermoregulation | |||
| D3.3.6 | Thermoregulation | |||
| D3.3.7 | The kidney: excretion, ultrafiltration and reabsorption HL only | |||
| D3.3.8 | The kidney: excretion, ultrafiltration and reabsorption HL only | |||
| D3.3.9 | Loop of Henle and osmoregulation in the collecting ducts HL only | |||
| D3.3.10 | Loop of Henle and osmoregulation in the collecting ducts HL only | |||
| D3.3.11 | Changes in blood supply to organs with activity HL only |
D4Ecosystems (Continuity and change)
Natural selection · D4.1
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D4.1.1 | Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution | |||
| D4.1.2 | Mutation and sexual reproduction as sources of variation | |||
| D4.1.3 | Overproduction, competition and selection pressures | |||
| D4.1.4 | Overproduction, competition and selection pressures | |||
| D4.1.5 | Overproduction, competition and selection pressures | |||
| D4.1.6 | Natural selection as the mechanism of evolution | |||
| D4.1.7 | Sexual selection and Endler's guppies | |||
| D4.1.8 | Sexual selection and Endler's guppies | |||
| D4.1.9 | Gene pools and allele frequencies HL only | |||
| D4.1.10 | Gene pools and allele frequencies HL only | |||
| D4.1.11 | Gene pools and allele frequencies HL only | |||
| D4.1.12 | Directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection; artificial selection HL only | |||
| D4.1.13 | The Hardy–Weinberg equation and its conditions HL only | |||
| D4.1.14 | The Hardy–Weinberg equation and its conditions HL only | |||
| D4.1.15 | Directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection; artificial selection HL only |
Stability and change · D4.2
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D4.2.1 | Stability of natural ecosystems | |||
| D4.2.2 | Stability of natural ecosystems | |||
| D4.2.3 | Amazon deforestation as a possible tipping point | |||
| D4.2.4 | Mesocosms and keystone species | |||
| D4.2.5 | Mesocosms and keystone species | |||
| D4.2.6 | Sustainable harvesting and agriculture | |||
| D4.2.7 | Sustainable harvesting and agriculture | |||
| D4.2.8 | Eutrophication | |||
| D4.2.9 | Biomagnification of pollutants | |||
| D4.2.10 | Microplastic and macroplastic pollution of the oceans | |||
| D4.2.11 | Rewilding | |||
| D4.2.12 | Ecological succession and primary succession HL only | |||
| D4.2.13 | Ecological succession and primary succession HL only | |||
| D4.2.14 | Cyclical succession, climax communities and arrested succession HL only | |||
| D4.2.15 | Cyclical succession, climax communities and arrested succession HL only |
Climate change · D4.3
| Spec | What to know (the note) | Not yet | Nearly | Confident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D4.3.1 | Anthropogenic causes and positive feedback | |||
| D4.3.2 | Anthropogenic causes and positive feedback | |||
| D4.3.3 | Boreal forest tipping point and polar habitat change | |||
| D4.3.4 | Boreal forest tipping point and polar habitat change | |||
| D4.3.5 | Nutrient upwelling and threats to coral reefs | |||
| D4.3.6 | Poleward and upslope range shifts | |||
| D4.3.7 | Nutrient upwelling and threats to coral reefs | |||
| D4.3.8 | Afforestation, forest regeneration and peatland restoration | |||
| D4.3.9 | Phenology and disrupted synchrony HL only | |||
| D4.3.10 | Phenology and disrupted synchrony HL only | |||
| D4.3.11 | Insect life cycles and evolution due to climate change HL only | |||
| D4.3.12 | Insect life cycles and evolution due to climate change HL only |
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