Question 1
Which row shows where a sex hormone is made and one effect of it at puberty?
- Testosterone; ovaries; breasts develop
- Testosterone; testes; voice deepens
- Oestrogen; testes; hips widen
- Oestrogen; ovaries; facial hair grows
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Answer: B (testosterone is made in the testes and deepens the voice) (1)
Question 2
(a) Name the hormone that causes secondary sexual characteristics to develop in boys. [1] (b) State two secondary sexual characteristics that develop in boys at puberty. [2] (c) State one secondary sexual characteristic that develops in girls at puberty. [1]
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- (a) testosterone (1)
- (b) one from: facial hair; pubic hair; underarm hair; voice deepens; muscles develop; penis and testes grow (1)
- (b) a second different one from the same list (1)
- (c) any one from: breasts develop; pubic hair; underarm hair; hips widen; menstrual cycle starts (1)
Question 3
The menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days. (a) Describe what happens to the lining of the uterus during days 1 to 5. [1] (b) Describe the change in the lining of the uterus between day 5 and day 14. [1] (c) Describe the change that happens in an ovary at about day 14. [1] (d) Describe what happens to the lining of the uterus from day 14 to day 28 if the woman does not become pregnant. [1]
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- (a) breaks down and is lost through the vagina (with blood) (1)
- (b) repaired and becomes thicker (1)
- (c) an egg cell is released (ovulation) (1)
- (d) it stays thick, then breaks down at the end of the cycle (1) allow it is maintained, then lost
Question 4
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanWhich hormone causes ovulation?
- FSH
- LH
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
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Answer: B (LH) (1)
Question 5
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels meanThe table shows the relative level of two hormones in a woman's blood during one menstrual cycle. (a) Hormone Y is progesterone. Name the organ that makes it between day 14 and day 28. [1] (b) Hormone X is also made in the ovaries. Name hormone X and state its effect on the lining of the uterus between day 7 and day 14. [2] (c) Suggest why the level of hormone Y falls between day 21 and day 28. [1]
| day | hormone X | hormone Y |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7 | 3 | 1 |
| 14 | 9 | 1 |
| 21 | 5 | 8 |
| 28 | 1 | 1 |
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- (a) ovary (1) allow corpus luteum
- (b) oestrogen (1)
- (b) repairs / thickens the uterus lining (1)
- (c) the woman is not pregnant / no fertilisation or implantation, so the ovary (corpus luteum) stops making progesterone (1) ignore 'the uterus lining breaks down' (an effect, not a cause)
Question 6
Supplement (what this means)
Supplement: only for the Extended papers (2 and 4). Core students can skip it. What the labels mean(a) State two hormones that are made by the placenta during pregnancy. [2] (b) Explain how a high level of progesterone helps to maintain a pregnancy. [2]
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- (a) progesterone (1)
- (a) oestrogen (1)
- (b) maintains the (thickness of the) uterus lining (1)
- (b) inhibits FSH and LH so no more egg cells are matured or released (1)