1[2 marks]
In a practice data set, a non-GM crop yields 5.0 tonnes per hectare. A GM crop yields 6.5 tonnes per hectare. Calculate the percentage increase in yield.
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- (6.5 − 5.0) ÷ 5.0 × 100 (1)
- 30% (1)
2[6 marks]
Evaluate the use of genetic engineering and selective breeding in modern agriculture. Include practical and ethical implications in your answer.
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| Level | Marks | What the answer does |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | 5–6 | A balanced evaluation which covers benefits and risks of both methods, includes practical and ethical implications, and reaches a justified conclusion. |
| 2 | 3–4 | A partly balanced evaluation covering benefits and risks of both methods, or giving more detail for one method. Some practical or ethical implications are given. |
| 1 | 1–2 | A basic answer with one or two valid points. There is little or no evaluation. |
Indicative content
- selective breeding: higher yield, disease resistance, better quality food
- selective breeding: takes many generations, reduces genetic variation, so risk of disease affecting all
- genetic engineering: new characteristics such as insect resistance or higher nutritional value
- genetic engineering: quicker and more precise than selective breeding
- genetic engineering: costly, unknown effects on the environment or health, genes may spread to wild species
- ethical: some people think it is wrong to alter genes / interfere with nature
- ethical: concerns about animal welfare
- a justified conclusion, for example weighing increased food production against risks