Organisms (Form and function)
- Gas exchange
- Size and exchange
- SA:V falls with size
- longer diffusion distance
- permeable, thin, moist, large
- Maintaining gradients
- dense capillary networks
- continuous blood flow
- ventilation: air or water
- Alveolar lungs
- branched bronchioles
- surfactant
- extensive capillary beds
- high surface area
- Ventilation
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
- abdominal muscles
- ribs
- Lung volumes
- tidal volume
- vital capacity
- inspiratory/expiratory reserves
- Leaves
- cuticle, epidermis
- guard cells, stomata
- spongy mesophyll, air spaces
- veins
- Transpiration
- light, temperature
- humidity, wind
- stomatal density
- Haemoglobin HL only
- cooperative binding
- foetal: higher affinity
- Bohr shift
- S-shaped curve
- Size and exchange
- Transport
- Capillaries
- branching, narrow
- thin walls
- fenestrations
- Arteries and veins
- artery: muscle, elastic tissue
- vein: valves, flexible wall
- wall vs lumen in micrographs
- Heart health
- radial or carotid pulse
- coronary occlusion
- correlation is not causation
- Xylem
- transpiration pull, tension
- cohesion, capillary action
- lignin, pits, no end walls
- Stem and root
- stem: ring of bundles
- root: central xylem star
- epidermis, cortex
- Tissue fluid and lymph HL only
- pressure filtration
- reuptake at venule end
- lymph ducts with valves
- Heart and circulation HL only
- single vs double
- SA node, valves, septum
- cardiac cycle
- systolic/diastolic
- Root pressure and phloem HL only
- active transport of ions
- sieve plates, no nucleus
- companion cells, mitochondria
- Capillaries
- Muscle and motilityHL only
- Movement HL only
- motile: Atlantic salmon
- sessile: Venus flytrap
- food, danger, mate, migration
- Sliding filaments HL only
- actin, myosin, Z lines
- cross-bridges, power stroke
- ATP detaches, re-cocks
- I band, H zone shorten
- Titin and antagonists HL only
- titin: recoil, no overstretch
- muscles only pull
- intercostals: opposite directions
- Motor units HL only
- one motor neuron
- muscle fibres
- neuromuscular junctions
- Skeletons and joints HL only
- anchorage and levers
- exo- vs endoskeleton
- hip: femur and pelvis
- goniometer, degrees
- Marine mammals HL only
- streamlining
- flippers
- fluke up and down
- blowhole, periodic breathing
- Movement HL only