Molecules (Interaction and interdependence)
- Enzymes and metabolism
- Enzymes as catalysts
- speed up reactions
- not used up
- control metabolism
- Metabolism
- anabolism: condensation
- catabolism: hydrolysis, oxidation
- Active site
- few amino acids
- induced fit
- collisions needed
- Rate factors
- temperature: optimum, denaturation
- pH: optimum
- substrate: active sites saturated
- Activation energy lowered
- bonds broken in substrate
- overall energy change same
- Where and how (HL) HL only
- intracellular vs extracellular
- heat generation
- linear vs cyclical
- Inhibition (HL) HL only
- competitive: statins
- non-competitive: allosteric
- feedback: isoleucine
- mechanism-based: penicillin
- Enzymes as catalysts
- Cell respiration
- ATP
- nucleotide: adenosine triphosphate
- hydrolysis releases energy
- active transport, anabolism, movement
- Respiration vs gas exchange
- ATP from carbon compounds
- glucose, fatty acids
- Aerobic vs anaerobic
- oxygen, mitochondria
- about 30 vs 2 ATP
- CO₂ + water vs lactate
- Measuring rate
- respirometer, soda lime
- rate per gram per minute
- Glycolysis and NAD (HL) HL only
- phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation
- net 2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD
- lactate or ethanol regenerates NAD
- Link reaction and Krebs (HL) HL only
- acetyl CoA
- citrate 6C, oxaloacetate 4C
- 2 decarboxylations, 4 oxidations
- ETC and chemiosmosis (HL) HL only
- proton pumping
- ATP synthase
- oxygen: terminal acceptor
- Lipids vs carbohydrates (HL) HL only
- more energy per gram
- acetyl CoA entry
- fatty acids: aerobic only
- ATP
- Photosynthesis
- Light to chemical energy
- CO₂ + water → glucose + oxygen
- hydrogen from split water
- oxygen by-product
- Pigments
- chromatography, Rf values
- chlorophyll absorbs red, blue
- excited electrons
- Spectra
- absorption: % absorbed
- action: rate of photosynthesis
- Limiting factors
- light, CO₂, temperature
- lamp distance, NaHCO₃, water bath
- CO₂ enrichment
- greenhouse experiments
- FACE in the field
- Light-dependent (HL) HL only
- photosystems, reaction centre
- photolysis in PSII
- chemiosmosis in thylakoids
- PSI reduces NADP
- Calvin cycle (HL) HL only
- Rubisco: RuBP + CO₂ → GP
- GP → TP: ATP, reduced NADP
- 5 TP → 3 RuBP
- Interdependence (HL) HL only
- no light: GP builds up
- no CO₂: PSII stops
- all carbon fixed in cycle
- Light to chemical energy