Molecules (Form and function)
- Carbohydrates and lipids
- Carbon: up to four covalent bonds
- Single and double bonds
- Chains, branches, rings
- Condensation and hydrolysis
- Condensation releases water
- Hydrolysis splits water
- Glycosidic, peptide, phosphodiester
- Monosaccharides
- Pentoses and hexoses
- Alpha versus beta glucose
- Glucose soluble, stable
- Polysaccharides
- Starch and glycogen: compact stores
- Cellulose: straight cross-linked chains
- Glycoproteins
- Cell–cell recognition
- ABO antigens
- Triglycerides and fatty acids
- Glycerol + three fatty acids
- C=C lowers melting point
- Adipose: storage, insulation
- Phospholipids and steroids
- Amphipathic, form bilayers
- Four fused rings
- Oestradiol, testosterone cross membranes
- Carbon: up to four covalent bonds
- Proteins
- Amino acid structure
- Alpha carbon
- Amine, carboxyl, H, R-group
- Peptide bonds
- Condensation releases water
- Dipeptide to polypeptide
- Diet and diversity
- Essential versus non-essential
- Vegan diets
- 20 amino acids, any order
- Denaturation
- Heat breaks weak bonds
- pH changes R-group charges
- Usually permanent
- R-groups and primary structure HL only
- Hydrophobic or hydrophilic
- Sequence determines conformation
- Secondary and tertiary structure HL only
- Alpha helix, beta sheet
- H, ionic, disulfide, hydrophobic
- Hydrophobic core
- Quaternary structure HL only
- Insulin, collagen: non-conjugated
- Haemoglobin: conjugated
- Cryo-EM imaging
- Globular and fibrous HL only
- Insulin binds receptor
- Collagen: tensile strength
- Amino acid structure