Ecosystems (Unity and diversity)
- Evolution and speciation
- Evolution: heritable change in population
- Acquired changes excluded
- Not Lamarckism
- Evidence for evolution
- DNA and protein sequences
- Selective breeding
- Homologous pentadactyl limbs
- Analogous structures
- Same function, different origin
- Convergent evolution
- Bird and insect wings
- Speciation by splitting
- Reproductive isolation
- Differential selection
- Bonobos and chimpanzees, Congo River
- Allopatric and sympatric speciation HL only
- Geographic isolation
- Behavioural or temporal isolation
- Adaptive radiation HL only
- Vacant niches
- Galápagos finches
- Keeping species apart HL only
- Courtship behaviour
- Sterile mule, 63 chromosomes
- Abrupt speciation by polyploidy HL only
- Hybrid then chromosome doubling
- Persicaria knotweeds
- Evolution: heritable change in population
- Conservation of biodiversity
- Biodiversity: three levels
- Ecosystem
- Species
- Genetic
- More species now than ever
- Many undiscovered
- Splitters and lumpers
- Anthropogenic extinction
- North Island giant moa
- Caribbean monk seal
- Local example
- Ecosystem loss
- Mixed dipterocarp forest
- Logging, oil palm, fire
- UAE coral reefs, 2017 bleaching
- Evidence of crisis
- IPBES reports
- Repeated surveys
- Richness and evenness
- Citizen science
- Causes of crisis
- Human population growth
- Over-exploitation, urbanization
- Pollution, invasive species
- Several conservation approaches
- In situ, nature reserves
- Rewilding, reclamation
- Zoos, botanic gardens
- Seed and tissue banks
- EDGE of Existence
- Evolutionarily distinct
- Globally endangered
- Biodiversity: three levels