Reproduction Mind Map

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual
- Asexual reproduction
  - One parent
  - Genetically identical offspring
  - No gametes
- Examples
  - Binary fission
  - Runners
  - Tubers
  - Bulbs
- Asexual: advantages and disadvantages Supplement
  - Quick, one parent
  - Uniform crop
  - No variation
  - Disease risk
- Sexual reproduction
  - Fusion of gamete nuclei
  - Zygote formed
  - Offspring genetically different
- Fertilisation
  - Fusion of nuclei of gametes
- Haploid and diploid Supplement
  - Gametes haploid
  - Zygote diploid
- Sexual: advantages and disadvantages Supplement
  - Variation
  - Adapts to change
  - Two parents needed
  - Slower
Plant reproduction
- Flower parts
  - Sepal and petal
  - Stamen: anther, filament
  - Carpel: stigma, style, ovary
  - Ovule
- Insect-pollinated flower
  - Bright petals
  - Nectar
  - Sticky pollen
  - Anthers inside
- Wind-pollinated flower
  - Dull petals
  - Anthers hang outside
  - Feathery stigma
  - Light smooth pollen
- Pollination
  - Pollen from anther to stigma
- Fertilisation
  - Pollen nucleus fuses with ovule nucleus
- Pollen tube Supplement
  - Grows down style
  - Enters ovule
- Self and cross-pollination Supplement
  - Same plant or different plant
  - Variation
  - Reliance on pollinators
- Germination
  - Water
  - Oxygen
  - Suitable temperature
Reproduction in humans
- Male system
  - Testes
  - Scrotum
  - Sperm duct
  - Prostate gland
  - Urethra and penis
- Female system
  - Ovaries
  - Oviducts
  - Uterus
  - Cervix
  - Vagina
- Sperm adaptations
  - Flagellum
  - Mitochondria
  - Acrosome enzymes
- Egg adaptations
  - Energy stores
  - Jelly coat changes
- Fertilisation to fetus
  - Nuclei fuse
  - Zygote
  - Embryo implants
  - Fetus
- Fetus support
  - Placenta
  - Umbilical cord
  - Amniotic sac and fluid
- Placenta exchange Supplement
  - Nutrients and oxygen in
  - Urea and CO₂ out
  - Pathogens and toxins cross
Sex hormones
- Testosterone (testes)
  - Facial hair
  - Voice deepens
  - Muscles develop
- Oestrogen (ovaries)
  - Breasts develop
  - Wider hips
  - Cycle starts
- Menstrual cycle
  - Menstruation
  - Lining repair
  - Ovulation day 14
  - Lining maintained
- FSH and LH Supplement
  - FSH: egg matures
  - LH: ovulation
- Oestrogen and progesterone Supplement
  - Repair lining
  - Maintain lining
  - Inhibit FSH and LH
- Pregnancy hormones Supplement
  - Made by placenta
  - Lining maintained
STIs
- STI definition
  - Spread by sexual contact
- HIV
  - Pathogen
  - Causes an STI
  - May lead to AIDS
- HIV transmission
  - Sexual contact
  - Infected blood and needles
  - Mother to baby
- Control of spread
  - Condoms
  - No shared needles
  - Screen blood
  - Test and treat