Human nutrition
Diet
- Balanced dietAll nutrientsCorrect proportionsRight energy
- Carbohydrates, fats, proteinEnergyInsulation and storeGrowth and repair
- Vitamins C and DC: skin and gumsD: absorbs calcium
- Calcium and ironBones and teethHaemoglobin
- Fibre and waterBulk, no constipationSolvent for reactions
- Deficiency diseasesScurvy: vitamin CRickets: vitamin D or calcium
Digestive system
- Alimentary canalMouth, oesophagus, stomachDuodenum, ileumColon, rectum, anus
- Associated organsSalivary glandsPancreasLiverGall bladder
- Five processesIngestion, digestionAbsorptionAssimilationEgestion
- TeethIncisors cutCanines tearPremolars and molars crushEnamel, dentine, pulp, cement
- StomachChurns foodHydrochloric acid
- BileSupplementEmulsifies fatsAlkaline: neutralises acid
Chemical digestion
- Large insoluble to small solubleEnzymesCan be absorbed
- AmylaseStarch to sugarsSalivary glands, pancreas
- ProteaseProtein to amino acidsStomach, pancreas
- LipaseFats to fatty acids and glycerolPancreas
- Starch in detailSupplementAmylase: maltoseMaltase: glucose
- Protein in detailSupplementPepsin: acid stomachTrypsin: alkaline intestine
Absorption
- Small intestineNutrients absorbedMost water
- ColonSome water
- Villi and microvilliSupplementIncrease surface area
- Villus structureSupplementOne cell thickCapillariesLacteal
- Capillaries and lactealsSupplementCapillaries: glucose, amino acidsLacteal: fatty acids, glycerol