Respiration, Muscles and the Internal Environment
- Stages of respirationA Level only
- Overall reaction
- Substrate split
- CO₂ waste
- H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
- Stepped, enzymes
- Glycolysis
- Cytoplasm
- 2 ATP used
- Net 2 ATP
- 2 pyruvate
- Link reaction
- Matrix
- CO₂ lost
- Reduced NAD
- Acetyl CoA
- Krebs cycle
- Decarboxylation
- Dehydrogenation
- ATP by SLP
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Electron transport
- Proton gradient
- ATP synthase
- Oxygen acceptor
- Anaerobic respiration
- Pyruvate → lactate
- NAD regenerated
- Lactate to liver
- Overall reaction
- RQ and practicalsA Level only
- Respiratory quotient
- CO₂ produced ÷ O₂ used
- No units
- RQ values
- Carbohydrate 1.0
- Protein 0.9
- Lipid 0.7
- Above 1: anaerobic
- Core practical 15
- Yeast + redox indicator
- Time to decolourise
- Hydrogen carrier
- Core practical 16
- Respirometer
- KOH absorbs CO₂
- πr² × distance
- Control tube
- Calculating RQ
- With KOH: O₂ used
- Without KOH: net change
- CO₂ by difference
- Respiratory quotient
- Muscles and movementA Level only
- Skeleton and joints
- Tendon: muscle to bone
- Ligament: bone to bone
- Bones as levers
- Antagonistic pairs
- Flexor bends
- Extensor straightens
- One contracts, one relaxes
- Muscle fibre structure
- Sarcolemma
- Myofibrils
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria
- Sarcomere
- Actin, thin
- Myosin, thick
- A, I, H, Z
- Fast and slow twitch
- Slow: aerobic, endurance
- Fast: anaerobic, power
- Sliding filament theory
- Ca²⁺ and troponin
- Tropomyosin moves
- Cross-bridges
- ATP and ATPase
- Skeleton and joints
- Heart, ventilation and exerciseA Level only
- Myogenic cardiac muscle
- Own rhythm
- Nerves change rate
- Excitation pathway
- SAN
- AVN delay
- Bundle of His
- Purkyne fibres
- ECG
- P wave
- QRS complex
- T wave
- Tachycardia, bradycardia
- Fibrillation
- Cardiac output
- Stroke volume × heart rate
- Medulla control centres
- Chemoreceptors, CO₂
- Adrenaline
- Adrenal glands
- Heart rate up
- Glycogen → glucose
- Spirometer (core practical 17)
- Tidal volume
- Breathing rate
- Minute ventilation
- O₂ consumption
- Myogenic cardiac muscle
- Homeostasis, hormones and the kidneyA Level only
- Feedback
- Negative: reverses
- Positive: amplifies
- Set point, narrow limits
- Homeostasis
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Hypothalamus
- Sweating, vasodilation
- Shivering
- Gene switching
- Transcription factors
- Steroid: inside cell
- Peptide: cell surface
- Kidney structure
- Cortex, medulla, pelvis
- Glomerulus
- Loop of Henle
- Collecting duct
- Urea and ultrafiltration
- Deamination in liver
- High pressure
- Three layers
- Reabsorption
- Proximal tubule
- Co-transport
- Countercurrent multiplier
- ADH
- Osmoreceptors
- Posterior pituitary
- Aquaporins
- Negative feedback
- Feedback