Microbiology, Immunity and Forensics
- Culturing and measuring (A Level only)A Level only
- Aseptic technique
- Autoclave 121 °C
- Flame loop and bottle neck
- Tape lids, invert plates
- Culture media
- Agar and broth
- Carbon and nitrogen sources
- Measuring growth
- Cell count
- Dilution plating (cfu)
- Dry mass
- Turbidity
- Growth curve
- Lag
- Exponential
- Stationary
- Death
- Rate constant k
- Generations n
- log₁₀ ÷ 0.301
- Per hour
- Core practical 13
- Yeast in broth
- Colorimeter
- Safe and ethical
- Aseptic technique
- Bacteria, viruses and infection (A Level only)A Level only
- Bacteria vs viruses
- Cell vs acellular
- DNA vs DNA or RNA
- Capsid, envelope
- Named viruses
- Ebola
- TMV
- HIV
- Lambda phage
- Lytic and latent
- Burst and release
- Prophage and provirus
- TB
- Inhaled droplets
- Survives in macrophages
- Tubercles
- HIV
- gp120 binds CD4
- Reverse transcriptase
- Helper T cells destroyed
- Routes of entry
- Airways
- Gut
- Skin breaks
- Mucous membranes
- Barriers
- Skin
- Stomach acid
- Gut and skin flora
- Bacteria vs viruses
- The immune response (A Level only)A Level only
- Non-specific
- Inflammation
- Lysozyme
- Interferon
- Phagocytosis
- Antigen
- Foreign protein or glycoprotein
- Presented by macrophage and APCs
- Antibody
- Y-shaped, 4 chains
- Variable region
- Agglutination
- B cells
- Plasma cells
- B memory cells
- Humoral response
- T cells
- T helper
- T killer
- T memory
- Types of immunity
- Natural active
- Natural passive
- Artificial active
- Artificial passive
- Evolutionary race
- Antigenic variation
- Hiding in cells
- Killing T helper cells
- Non-specific
- Antibiotics and infection control (A Level only)A Level only
- Bactericidal
- Kills bacteria
- Penicillin
- Cell wall cross-links
- Bacteriostatic
- Stops growth
- Tetracycline
- Ribosomes
- Selective toxicity
- Not viruses
- Not human cells
- Core practical 14
- Bacterial lawn
- Antibiotic discs
- Zone of inhibition
- Control disc
- Hospital infections
- MRSA
- C. difficile
- Weak patients
- Contact spread
- Codes of practice
- Hand hygiene
- Isolation
- Prescribing rules
- Bactericidal
- Decay, DNA techniques and forensics (A Level only)A Level only
- Decomposition
- Saprotrophs
- Extracellular enzymes
- Respiration releases CO₂
- PCR
- Primers
- Taq polymerase
- 95, 55 to 65, 72 °C
- Doubles each cycle
- Gel electrophoresis
- DNA negative
- Moves to anode
- Short fragments further
- DNA profiling
- STRs
- Identification
- Paternity
- Relatedness
- Time of death
- Body temperature
- Rigor mortis
- Decomposition
- Succession
- Entomology
- Decomposition