Membranes, Proteins, DNA and Gene Expression Mind Map

Membranes, Proteins, DNA and Gene Expression mind map · Edexcel International A Level Biology · clockitwithsci.com

Membranes, Proteins, DNA and Gene Expression

Gas exchange, membranes and transport
- Gas exchange surfaces
  - Large SA : volume
  - Thin surface
  - Steep gradient
  - Fick's law
- Mammalian lung
  - Alveoli
  - One-cell-thick walls
  - Capillary network
  - Ventilation
- Membrane structure
  - Phospholipid bilayer
  - Cholesterol
  - Proteins
  - Glycoproteins
- Fluid mosaic model
  - Interpretation of data
  - Freeze-fracture
  - Cell fusion
- Core practical 3
  - Beetroot
  - Temperature
  - Ethanol
  - Colorimeter
- Osmosis
  - Water potential gradient
  - Free water molecules
  - Turgid / plasmolysed
- Transport across membranes
  - Diffusion
  - Facilitated diffusion
  - Active transport (ATP)
  - Endo / exocytosis
Proteins and enzymes
- Amino acids
  - Amino group
  - Carboxyl group
  - R group
  - Peptide bond
- Protein structure
  - Primary
  - Secondary
  - Tertiary
  - Quaternary
- Bonds
  - Hydrogen
  - Ionic
  - Disulfide
  - Peptide
- Globular vs fibrous
  - Haemoglobin
  - Collagen
  - Soluble / insoluble
- Enzyme action
  - Active site
  - Specific
  - Lower activation energy
  - Intra / extracellular
- Factors
  - Temperature
  - pH
  - Enzyme concentration
  - Substrate concentration
- Core practical 4
  - Initial rate
  - Tangent at t = 0
  - Catalase
DNA and gene expression
- Nucleotides
  - Sugar
  - Phosphate
  - Base
  - Phosphodiester bond
- DNA double helix
  - Antiparallel
  - A–T, C–G
  - Hydrogen bonds
- DNA vs RNA
  - Deoxyribose / ribose
  - Thymine / uracil
  - Double / single strand
- Replication
  - Semi-conservative
  - DNA polymerase
  - Template strand
- Meselson–Stahl
  - ¹⁵N and ¹⁴N
  - Centrifuge bands
  - Refuted conservative
- Genetic code
  - Triplet
  - Non-overlapping
  - Degenerate
  - Gene
- Protein synthesis
  - Transcription (RNA polymerase)
  - Translation (ribosome)
  - Codon / anticodon
  - Start / stop codons
- Gene mutations
  - Substitution
  - Insertion
  - Deletion
  - Cancer / disorders
Inheritance, CF and screening
- Genetic terms
  - Gene / allele
  - Genotype / phenotype
  - Dominant / recessive
  - Codominance
- Monohybrid inheritance
  - Punnett square
  - 3 : 1 ratio
  - Pedigree diagrams
- Sex linkage
  - X chromosome
  - Red-green colour blindness
  - Males XY
  - Carrier females
- Cystic fibrosis
  - CFTR gene
  - Chloride channel
  - Thick mucus
  - Lungs, gut, reproduction
- Genetic screening
  - Carriers
  - PGD
  - Amniocentesis
  - CVS
- Ethics
  - Religious views
  - Moral views
  - Social views
  - Counselling