Energy Flow, Ecosystems and the Environment
- PhotosynthesisA Level only
- Overall reaction
- Photolysis of water
- Glucose as fuel
- Oxygen released
- Light-dependent reactions
- Thylakoid membranes
- Cyclic and non-cyclic
- ATP, reduced NADP, O₂
- Calvin cycle
- Stroma
- Rubisco, RuBP, GP, GALP
- Products used for biomolecules
- Chloroplast
- Grana and stroma
- Envelope
- Pigments
- Absorption spectrum
- Action spectrum
- Chromatography, Rf
- Core practical 10
- Light, wavelength
- Temperature, CO₂
- Rate of O₂ release
- Overall reaction
- Productivity and ecosystemsA Level only
- Productivity
- GPP
- NPP = GPP − R
- Units: kJ m⁻² year⁻¹
- Efficiency of transfer
- Respiration, heat
- Egestion, excretion
- Uneaten parts
- Ecological terms
- Population, community
- Habitat, ecosystem
- Biotic and abiotic factors
- Niche
- Role of a species
- Competition
- Distribution, abundance
- Core practical 11
- Quadrats, transects
- Random sampling
- Abiotic measurements
- Succession
- Pioneer species
- Soil formation
- Climax community
- Productivity
- Climate changeA Level only
- Evidence
- CO₂ and temperature records
- Pollen in peat bogs
- Dendrochronology
- Greenhouse effect
- Infra-red absorbed
- Enhanced by humans
- CO₂, methane, N₂O
- Carbon cycle
- Photosynthesis, respiration
- Reforestation
- Biofuels, fossil fuels
- Models
- Extrapolation
- Feedback loops
- Limitations
- Effects
- Distribution shifts
- Seasonal timing
- Life cycles
- Controversy and management
- Vested interests
- Sustainable resources
- Reforestation
- Evidence
- Temperature, evolution and speciationA Level only
- Temperature and enzymes
- Optimum, denaturation
- Q₁₀
- Ectotherms, microorganisms
- Core practical 12
- Brine shrimp, seedlings
- Controlled variables
- Ethics
- Evolution
- Allele frequency change
- Mutation
- Natural selection
- Speciation
- Isolation, gene flow
- Allopatric
- Sympatric
- Temperature and enzymes