Coordination, Response and Gene Technology Mind Map

Coordination, Response and Gene Technology mind map · Edexcel International A Level Biology · clockitwithsci.com

Coordination, Response and Gene Technology

Neurones and reflexesA Level only
- Sensory neurone
  - Receptor to CNS
  - Dorsal root ganglion
- Relay neurone
  - Inside CNS
  - Many synapses
- Motor neurone
  - CNS to effector
  - Long myelinated axon
- Myelin
  - Schwann cells
  - Nodes of Ranvier
  - Insulation
- CNS and PNS
  - Brain and spinal cord
  - Nerves outside
- Spinal reflex arc
  - Grey matter
  - White matter
  - Fast and protective
Impulses and synapsesA Level only
- Action potential
  - Na⁺ in
  - K⁺ out
  - Threshold –55 mV
  - Refractory period
- Saltatory conduction
  - Nodes of Ranvier
  - Local circuits
  - Faster
- Cholinergic synapse
  - Ca²⁺ in
  - ACh released
  - Na⁺ in
  - Acetylcholinesterase
- Pupil reflex
  - Circular muscles
  - Radial muscles
- Drugs
  - Nicotine
  - Lidocaine
  - Cobra toxin
  - L-DOPA
  - MDMA
- Rods
  - Rhodopsin
  - Hyperpolarisation
  - Bipolar neurone
  - Optic neurone
- Habituation
  - Fewer Ca²⁺ channels
  - Less transmitter
Plant responsesA Level only
- Phytochrome
  - Pr and Pfr
  - Red 660 nm
  - Far-red 730 nm
  - Transcription
- Auxin (IAA)
  - Cell elongation
  - H⁺ pumped into wall
  - Phototropism
- Gibberellins
  - Stem elongation
  - Germination
  - Amylase gene
- Core practical 18
  - Starch agar
  - Iodine
  - Clear zone
  - Controls
Brain and hormonesA Level only
- Nervous vs hormonal
  - Fast vs slower
  - Short vs long-lasting
  - Hypothalamus link
- Cerebral hemispheres
  - Thought and memory
  - Voluntary movement
- Hypothalamus and pituitary
  - Temperature, water
  - ADH
  - Controls glands
- Cerebellum
  - Movement
  - Balance
- Medulla oblongata
  - Heart rate
  - Breathing rate
- Brain scans
  - CT
  - MRI
  - fMRI
  - PET
- Brain chemicals
  - Dopamine, Parkinson’s
  - Serotonin, depression
  - New drugs
Gene technologyA Level only
- Recombinant DNA
  - Restriction endonuclease
  - Sticky ends
  - DNA ligase
  - Plasmid vector
- Getting the gene
  - cDNA from mRNA
  - Gene machine
- Inserting DNA
  - Heat shock, CaCl₂
  - Agrobacterium
  - Gene gun
  - Microinjection
- Marker genes
  - Antibiotic resistance
  - GFP
- Drugs from GMOs
  - Insulin from bacteria
  - Plants
  - Animal milk
- Microarrays
  - DNA probes
  - Fluorescent cDNA
  - Active genes
- Bioinformatics
  - Computer analysis
  - Sequence databases
- Risks and benefits of GMOs
  - Yield, nutrition
  - Gene transfer
  - Biodiversity
  - Ethics