The whole topic on one page. Each branch is one subtopic; read it out loud and try to explain every word.
Natural selection and genetic modification
Natural selection
- Darwin and WallaceTriple onlyIndependent theoriesOn the Origin of SpeciesImpact on biology
- Natural selectionVariation by mutationSurvive and reproducePass on alleles
- EvolutionInherited changeMany generations
- Antibiotic resistanceResistant mutantAntibiotic selection pressurePopulation becomes resistant
Evidence
- FossilsArdi 4.4 myaLucy 3.2 myaLeakey 1.6 mya
- Stone toolsBecome more complexDated from rock layers
- Pentadactyl limbTriple onlySame bonesCommon ancestorDifferent functions
- ClassificationFive kingdomsThree domainsGenetic analysis
Breeding and cloning
- Selective breedingChoose parentsRepeat generationsHigher yield
- DrawbacksLess variationInbreeding
- Tissue cultureTriple onlyAseptic techniqueNutrient agarIdentical clones
- Uses of tissue cultureTriple onlyPlant breedingMedical research
Genetic engineering
- Modify the genomeDesirable characteristicGene transferred
- Main stagesHigher tierRestriction enzymeSticky endsLigaseVector
- Bt cropsTriple onlyBt toxin geneInsect resistance
- GM advantages and disadvantagesTriple onlyHigher yieldHealth riskGene spread
Agriculture and evaluation
- FertilisersTriple onlyMineral ionsWater pollution
- Biological controlTriple onlyLiving organismsSlowMay become pest
- BenefitsMore foodNew medicines
- Risks and ethicsUnknown effectsPractical issuesEthical concerns