The whole topic on one page. Each branch is one subtopic; read it out loud and try to explain every word.
Genetics
Reproduction and meiosis
- Asexual reproductionTriple onlyOne parentNo mate neededRapid cycleNo variation
- Sexual reproductionTriple onlyTwo parentsVariationMust find a mate
- MeiosisFour daughter cellsHalf the chromosomesGenetically different
- GametesHaploidFuse at fertilisation
- Human chromosome numbersBody cell: 46Gamete: 23Zygote: 46
DNA and the genome
- DNA polymerNucleotidesDouble helixTwo strands
- NucleotideSugarPhosphate groupOne of four bases
- Complementary base pairsA with TC with GWeak hydrogen bonds
- GenomeEntire DNA of an organism
- GeneSection of DNACodes for a protein
- Extracting DNA from fruitMashDetergent and saltFilterCold ethanol
Protein synthesisTriple onlyHigher tier
- Base order to amino acidsTriple onlyHigher tierChain foldsSpecific shapeEnzymes
- TranscriptionTriple onlyHigher tierRNA polymeraseNon-coding DNA bindingComplementary mRNA
- TranslationTriple onlyHigher tiermRNA on ribosomeCodonstRNAPolypeptide
- Variant in non-coding DNATriple onlyHigher tierRNA polymerase bindingQuantity of protein
- Variant in coding DNATriple onlyHigher tierAmino acid sequenceProtein activity
Inheritance
- Gregor MendelTriple onlyPea plantsFactors inheritedMechanism unknown
- Key termsAlleleDominant, recessiveHomozygous, heterozygousGenotype, phenotype
- Monohybrid crossPunnett squarePedigree3 : 1 ratio
- Sex determinationXX femaleXY male50% each
- ProbabilityRatiosFractionsPercentagesCarriers: 1 in 4
- ABO blood groupsTriple onlyMultiple allelesCodominanceIA, IB codominantIO recessive
- Sex-linked disordersTriple onlyHigher tierX chromosomeMales more affectedCarrier females
Variation and genome
- Multiple genesMost features
- Genetic variationMutationSexual reproduction
- Environmental variationAcquired characteristics
- MutationsMost no effectSome small effectRarely significant
- Human Genome ProjectMedical usesTestingTreatments