The whole topic on one page. Each branch is one subtopic; read it out loud and try to explain every word.
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Reproduction
- Sexual vs asexual, meiosisGametes fuse, varietyOne parent, clonesMeiosis halves chromosomesFertilisation restores number
- Pros and consTriple onlyVariationFaster, one parentMalaria, fungi, plants
- DNA and genomeDouble helixGene codes for proteinHuman genome uses
- DNA structureTriple onlyNucleotides: sugar, phosphate, baseBases A, C, G, TThree bases, one amino acid
- Protein synthesis and mutationsTriple onlyHigher tierC–G, T–A pairingRibosomes, carrier moleculesMutation changes protein shapeNon-coding DNA switches genes
- Genetic inheritanceAllelesDominant, recessivePunnett squaresFamily trees
- Inherited disordersPolydactylyCystic fibrosisEmbryo screening
- Sex determinationXX femaleXY male1 : 1 ratio
Variation and evolution
- VariationGeneticEnvironmentalBoth
- MutationsSource of variantsMost no effectRare new phenotype
- EvolutionNatural selectionSurvive and breedNew species
- Selective breedingChoose parentsMany generationsInbreeding
- Genetic engineeringGene from another organismGM cropsHuman insulin
- Steps of genetic engineeringHigher tierEnzymes isolate geneVector: plasmid or virusInsert into cells
- CloningTriple onlyTissue cultureCuttingsEmbryo transplantsAdult cell cloning
Development of understanding
- DarwinTriple onlyObservationsOrigin of Species 1859Gradual acceptance
- LamarckTriple onlyInheritance of acquired changesRarely true
- Wallace and speciationTriple onlyJoint writings 1858Warning colourationSteps to new species
- Mendel and genesTriple onlyUnits passed onChromosomes observedDNA structure
- Evidence for evolutionGenesFossilsAntibiotic resistance
- FossilsHow formedRecord incomplete
- ExtinctionNew predators, diseasesNew competitorsEnvironmental changeCatastrophic event
- Resistant bacteriaMutationSurvive and reproduceMRSAReduce misuse
Classification
- Linnaean systemKingdom to speciesCarl Linnaeus
- Binomial namesGenusSpecies
- Three-domain systemArchaeaBacteriaEukaryota
- Evolutionary treesClassification dataFossil dataCommon ancestors